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| 1851 |
| | | The president of France, Louis Napoleon, stages a coup d'état, rounding up his political opponents during a long December night | |
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| 1852 |
| | | Louis Napoleon, asking the French people to approve his elevation to emperor as Napoleon III, receives a resounding yes in the plebiscite | |
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| 1855 |
| | | An Ethiopian baron usurps the throne and proclaims himself emperor, as Theodore II | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon, in Burma | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Victor Emmanuel II is proclaimed king of a united Italy, with only Rome and Venetia remaining outside his realm | |
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| 1861 |
| | | Prince Albert dies of typhoid, plunging Victoria into forty years of widowhood and deep mourning | |
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| 1864 |
| | | The French arrange for the coronation of the Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico | |
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| 1867 |
| | | Francis Joseph, emperor of Austria, is also crowned king of Hungary – to become ruler of the 'dual monarchy' of Austria-Hungary | |
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| 1870 |
| | | Napoleon III is among 83,000 French prisoners captured by the Germans at Sedan in the Franco-Prussian war | |
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| 1870 |
| | | A French government of national defence deposes Napoleon III and proclaims the third French republic | |
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